TriangleTREATMENT READING
Childhood Cancer Genomics (PDQ®)
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Selected text from the National Cancer Institute, with original links and dates. This Triangle reading page is not an NCI PDQ summary. Source topics may be broader than an individual diagnosis.
10 studies cited in this topic · see design and results →
General Information About Childhood Cancer Genomics
Leukemias
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
Genomics of childhood ALL
B-ALL cytogenetics/genomics
Genomics of ALL in children with Down syndrome
T-ALL cytogenetics/genomics
Early T-cell precursor (ETP) ALL cytogenetics/genomics
Mixed phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL) cytogenetics/genomics
Gene polymorphisms in drug metabolic pathways
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
Cytogenetic/molecular features of AML
Abnormalities associated with a favorable prognosis
Cytogenetic abnormality associated with a variable prognosis: KMT2A (MLL) gene rearrangements
Cytogenetic/molecular abnormalities associated with an unfavorable prognosis
Additional cytogenetic/molecular abnormalities that may have prognostic significance
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL)
RARA Fusion Proteins
FLT3 Variants
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
Genomics of CML
Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML)
Molecular Features of JMML
Genomic and Molecular Prognostic Factors
Myelodysplastic Neoplasms (MDS)
Molecular features of myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS)
Transient Abnormal Myelopoiesis (TAM)
Genomics of TAM
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Mature B-cell Lymphoma
Burkitt lymphoma
Genomics of Burkitt lymphoma
Genomics of Burkitt-like lymphoma/high-grade B-cell lymphoma with 11q aberrations
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Genomics of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma
Genomics of primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma
Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
Genomics of lymphoblastic lymphoma
Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Genomics of anaplastic large cell lymphoma
Pediatric-Type Follicular Lymphoma
Genomics of pediatric-type follicular lymphoma
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Genomics of Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma
Genomics of Nodular Lymphocyte-Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma (NLPHL)
Central Nervous System Tumors
Astrocytomas, Other Gliomas, and Glioneuronal/Neuronal Tumors
Selected cancer susceptibility syndromes associated with pediatric glioma
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)
Tuberous sclerosis
Molecular features and recurrent genomic alterations
BRAF::KIAA1549
BRAF variants
NF1 variants
ALK, NTRK1, NTRK2, NTRK3, or ROS1 gene fusions
Other genomic alterations
Angiocentric gliomas
Astroblastomas, MN1-altered
IDH1 and IDH2 variants
Molecular features of pediatric-type high-grade gliomas
Subgroups identified using DNA methylation patterns
Genomic alterations associated with diffuse midline gliomas
The histone K27 variants: H3.3 (H3F3A) and H3.1 (HIST1H3B and, rarely, HIST1H3C) variants at K27 and EZHIP
H3.3 (H3F3A) variant at G34
IDH1 and IDH2 variants
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA)–like
High-grade astrocytoma with piloid features
Other variants
High-grade gliomas in infants
Secondary high-grade glioma
Molecular features of glioneuronal and neuronal tumors
Ganglioglioma
Desmoplastic infantile astrocytomas (DIA) and desmoplastic infantile gangliogliomas (DIG)
Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET)
Papillary glioneuronal tumor
Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor (RGNT)
Diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumor (DLGNT)
Extraventricular neurocytoma
Central Nervous System (CNS) Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumors (AT/RT)
SMARCB1 and SMARCA4 genes
Medulloblastomas
Molecular subtypes of medulloblastoma
Medulloblastoma, WNT-activated
Medulloblastoma, SHH-activated and TP53-altered and medulloblastoma, SHH-activated and TP53-wild type
Medulloblastoma, non–WNT/non–SHH-activated
Nonmedulloblastoma Embryonal Tumors
Molecular subtypes of nonmedulloblastoma embryonal tumors
Pineoblastoma
Genomics of Pineoblastoma
Ependymomas
Molecular Subgroups of Ependymoma
Infratentorial tumors
Posterior fossa A ependymoma (PF-EPN-A)
Posterior fossa B ependymoma (PF-EPN-B)
Supratentorial tumors
Supratentorial ependymomas with ZFTA fusions (ST-EPN-ZFTA)
Supratentorial ependymomas with YAP1 fusions (ST-EPN-YAP1)
Tumors mimicking supratentorial ependymomas
Spinal ependymoma with MYCN amplification (SP-EPN-MYCN)
Liver Cancer
Hepatoblastoma
Molecular features of hepatoblastoma
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Molecular features of hepatocellular carcinoma
Fibrolamellar Carcinoma
Molecular features of fibrolamellar carcinoma
Sarcomas
Osteosarcoma
Molecular Features of Osteosarcoma
Genetic predisposition to osteosarcoma
TP53 variants
RECQL4 variants
Ewing Sarcoma
Molecular Features of Ewing Sarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Genomics of rhabdomyosarcoma
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Genomics of LCH
BRAF, NRAS, and ARAF variants
Other RAS-MAPK pathway alterations
Clinical implications
Neuroblastoma
Molecular features of neuroblastoma
Segmental chromosomal aberrations (SCAs)
MYCN gene amplification
Genomic alterations promoting telomere maintenance
FOXR2 activation
CDK4 and MDM2 amplification
Exonic variants in neuroblastoma (including ALK variants and amplification)
Genomic evolution of exonic variants
Additional biological factors associated with prognosis
MYC and MYCN expression
Retinoblastoma
Heritable Retinoblastoma
Nonheritable Retinoblastoma
Kidney Tumors
Wilms Tumor
Molecular Features of Wilms Tumor
WT1 gene
CTNNB1 gene
AMER1 (WTX) gene on the X chromosome
Imprinting cluster regions (ICRs) on chromosome 11p15 (WT2) and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
Other genes and chromosomal alterations
Genomic alterations in Wilms tumor at relapse
Genomic alterations in adults with Wilms tumor
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Molecular features of renal cell carcinoma
Rhabdoid Tumors of the Kidney
Molecular features of rhabdoid tumors of the kidney
Clear Cell Sarcoma of the Kidney
Molecular features of clear cell sarcoma of the kidney
Melanoma
Thyroid Cancer
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes
Preserved source evidence · Independent clinical review pending · Not medical advice