Immunotherapy

Numerous studies are investigating a variety of immunotherapy strategies, including checkpoint inhibitors,[15] oncolytic viruses, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, and other immune-modulating strategies. GD2-CAR T cells were administered intravenously and intraventricularly in a small study of 11 patients to treat H3 K27M-altered diffuse midline gliomas. The paper describes a reduction in tumor volume for some patients. However, in a number of cases, the contribution of the CAR T-cell therapy to the tumor reduction is difficult to separate from the effects of the antecedent radiation therapy treatment. This treatment required substantial supportive care, including early placement of an Ommaya reservoir to manage central nervous system complications, which included both immune effector cell acute neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) and tumor inflammation–associated neurotoxicity.[16]