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NCT06129487 · OUTCOME

Reactance

Evaluations of Alcohol Warning Labels · Source last updated 2025-11-14

Results reported by the registry submitting party. Population, time horizon, units and missing values must be read together.

Measure
MEAN
Unit
score on a scale
Interval / dispersion
Standard Error
Time frame
Assessed during the one-time 15-minute online survey experiment.

What was measured

Reactance were measured after exposure to each PWL (i.e., three times in total). It was assessed using the brief Reactance to Health Warnings Scale (Hall et al., 2017). Participants were asked to indicate how much each warning tried to manipulate them, annoyed them, and was overblown (1 = not at all, 5 = a great deal). Reactance for each PWL was averaged across three PWLs within each arm.

Groups in this outcome

Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels

Participants in this arm were presented with three narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Narrative PWLs included a photo showing the lived experiences of individuals affected by alcohol-related cancer (e.g., a headshot of a man with a misshapen jaw) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.

Non-Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels

Participants in this arm will be presented with three non-narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Non-narrative PWLs contained graphic images of diseased organs (e.g., a closeup image of a mouth with rotten teeth and oral thrush) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.

Group identifiers and denominators belong to this outcome only. They may differ in another outcome or in safety reporting.

Analysis denominator · Participants

GroupSource count
Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels327
Non-Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels318

Reported measurements

Source class 1
Values in score on a scale · Interval/dispersion: Standard Error
GroupValueSpreadLowerUpperComment
Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels2.380.055Not reportedNot reportedNot reported
Non-Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels2.540.055Not reportedNot reportedNot reported
Complete source fields
classes
  1. categories
    1. measurements
      1. group Id
        OG000
        spread
        0.055
        value
        2.38
      2. group Id
        OG001
        spread
        0.055
        value
        2.54
denoms
  1. counts
    1. group Id
      OG000
      value
      327
    2. group Id
      OG001
      value
      318
    units
    Participants
description
Reactance were measured after exposure to each PWL (i.e., three times in total). It was assessed using the brief Reactance to Health Warnings Scale (Hall et al., 2017). Participants were asked to indicate how much each warning tried to manipulate them, annoyed them, and was overblown (1 = not at all, 5 = a great deal). Reactance for each PWL was averaged across three PWLs within each arm.
dispersion Type
Standard Error
groups
  1. description
    Participants in this arm were presented with three narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Narrative PWLs included a photo showing the lived experiences of individuals affected by alcohol-related cancer (e.g., a headshot of a man with a misshapen jaw) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
    id
    OG000
    title
    Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
  2. description
    Participants in this arm will be presented with three non-narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Non-narrative PWLs contained graphic images of diseased organs (e.g., a closeup image of a mouth with rotten teeth and oral thrush) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.
    id
    OG001
    title
    Non-Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels
param Type
MEAN
reporting Status
POSTED
time Frame
Assessed during the one-time 15-minute online survey experiment.
title
Reactance
type
PRIMARY
unit Of Measure
score on a scale

Download exact source JSON → · Snapshot ctgov-results-25a395029948b04d52b1253f

Preserved source evidence · Not medical advice