{"classes":[{"categories":[{"measurements":[{"groupId":"OG000","spread":"0.055","value":"2.38"},{"groupId":"OG001","spread":"0.055","value":"2.54"}]}]}],"denoms":[{"counts":[{"groupId":"OG000","value":"327"},{"groupId":"OG001","value":"318"}],"units":"Participants"}],"description":"Reactance were measured after exposure to each PWL (i.e., three times in total). It was assessed using the brief Reactance to Health Warnings Scale (Hall et al., 2017). Participants were asked to indicate how much each warning tried to manipulate them, annoyed them, and was overblown (1 = not at all, 5 = a great deal). Reactance for each PWL was averaged across three PWLs within each arm.","dispersionType":"Standard Error","groups":[{"description":"Participants in this arm were presented with three narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Narrative PWLs included a photo showing the lived experiences of individuals affected by alcohol-related cancer (e.g., a headshot of a man with a misshapen jaw) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.","id":"OG000","title":"Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels"},{"description":"Participants in this arm will be presented with three non-narrative pictorial warning labels (PWLs) for alcoholic beverages. Non-narrative PWLs contained graphic images of diseased organs (e.g., a closeup image of a mouth with rotten teeth and oral thrush) and a text warning statement (e.g., WARNING: Drinking alcohol can cause oral cancer). The warnings focused on oral, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers, respectively.","id":"OG001","title":"Non-Narrative Pictorial Warning Labels"}],"paramType":"MEAN","reportingStatus":"POSTED","timeFrame":"Assessed during the one-time 15-minute online survey experiment.","title":"Reactance","type":"PRIMARY","unitOfMeasure":"score on a scale"}