TriangleHEALTH PROFESSIONAL · SOURCE READING
Chemotherapy
Source: Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Cancer (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version, National Cancer Institute.
Source updated: April 14, 2025 · Captured 2026-09-09.
Selected source text with whitespace normalised. This Triangle page is not an NCI PDQ summary.
Context: Late Effects of the Urinary System / Therapy-Related Bladder Complications
The oxazaphosphorine alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide) and radiation therapy exposing the bladder have been implicated in the development of hemorrhagic cystitis.
Chemotherapy-associated hemorrhagic cystitis presents as an acute toxicity and appears to be a rare persistent effect among clinically well characterized long-term survivor cohorts.[39,40]
In a study of 6,119 children treated between 1986 and 2010 (mean age, 12.2 years ± 6.3 standard deviation), 1.6% of patients (n = 97) developed hemorrhagic cystitis (manifesting at mean 2.7 months after transplant induction therapy and mean 12.4 months after pelvic radiation), most of whom (75%) had severity scores of II or III (scale, I–IV).[41]
Source links and citations
In a study of 6,119 children treated between 1986 and 2010 (mean age, 12.2 years ± 6.3 standard deviation), 1.6% of patients (n = 97) developed hemorrhagic cystitis (manifesting at mean 2.7 months after transplant induction therapy and mean 12.4 months after pelvic radiation), most of whom (75%) had severity scores of II or III (scale, I–IV).[41]
Patients with radiological evidence of renal or bladder calculi or tumors that invaded the bladder wall were excluded from the study.
In a study of 6,119 children treated between 1986 and 2010 (mean age, 12.2 years ± 6.3 standard deviation), 1.6% of patients (n = 97) developed hemorrhagic cystitis (manifesting at mean 2.7 months after transplant induction therapy and mean 12.4 months after pelvic radiation), most of whom (75%) had severity scores of II or III (scale, I–IV).[41]
Older age, previous bone marrow or peripheral blood HSCT, and BK virus in the urine were risk factors for hemorrhagic cystitis and were associated with a higher severity score.
Previous exposure to cyclophosphamide has been linked to risk of bladder carcinoma. An excess prevalence of bladder tumors has also been observed in survivors of specific diagnostic types (e.g., heritable retinoblastoma), supporting the contribution of genetic factors in the development of subsequent neoplasms.[42,43]
Publication references
Read the original reference and check its publication notices.
Preserved source evidence · Not medical advice