TriangleNCT01288911 · CITED IN SOURCE DOCUMENTS
A Study of Enzalutamide Versus Bicalutamide in Castrate Men With Metastatic Prostate Cancer
An NCI or FDA source cites this study. A citation does not establish that it applies to an individual diagnosis.
- Phase
- PHASE2
- Status at capture
- COMPLETED
- Registry last update
- 2024-12-06
The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of oral enzalutamide compared to bicalutamide in castrate men with metastatic prostate cancer who have progressed while on Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Hormone (LHRH) agonist/antagonist or after receiving a bilateral orchiectomy.
Open the original ClinicalTrials.gov record → · Download preserved record
What did the study report?
Outcomes, safety and baseline populations are separate source sections. Quality-of-life measures appear under their original outcome titles.
Participant flow
Baseline characteristics
Progression Free Survival (PFS) Based on Independent Central Review (ICR) Assessment
PFS Based on Investigator Assessment
Prostate-specific Antigen (PSA) Response by Week 13
Best PSA Response
Time to PSA Progression
Time to PSA ≤ 4 ng/mL
Time to ≥ 30% PSA Decline From Baseline
Time to ≥ 50% PSA Decline From Baseline
Time to ≥ 90% PSA Decline From Baseline
Radiographic PFS Based on ICR Assessment
Percentage of Participants With an Objective Response
Percentage of Participants With Adverse Events
Adverse events
Limitations, agreements, and source contact
Who could take part
- eligibility Criteria
- Inclusion Criteria: * Histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the prostate without neuroendocrine differentiation or small cell features * Ongoing androgen deprivation therapy with a Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Hormone (LHRH) agonist or antagonist at a stable dose and schedule within 4 weeks of randomization or bilateral orchiectomy (i.e., surgical or medical castration) * Metastatic disease documented by one of the following: * At least two bone lesions on bone scan, or * Soft tissue disease documented by computed tomography (CT)/ magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or * Unequivocal pelvic adenopathy short axis \> 2.0 cm in diameter by CT/MRI * Progressive disease at study entry defined as one or more of the following three criteria occurring in the setting of castrate levels of testosterone: * Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) progression defined by a minimum of three rising PSA levels with an interval of ≥ 1 week between each determination. The PSA value should be ≥ 2 µg/L (2 ng/mL); * Soft tissue disease progression defined by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1; * Bone disease progression defined by two or more new lesions on bone scan * Asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic from prostate cancer (i.e. the score on the Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form (BPI-SF) Question #3 must be \< 4); no use of opiate analgesics for prostate cancer-related pain currently or anytime within 4 weeks prior to randomization * Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0-1, including subjects with decreased performance status not attributed to progressive and symptomatic prostate cancer * Estimated life expectancy of ≥ 12 months * Able to swallow the study drug and comply with study requirements * A male subject and his female spouse/partner who is of childbearing potential must use two acceptable methods of birth control (one of which must include a condom as a barrier method of contraception) starting at Screening and continuing throughout the study period, and for 3 months after final study drug administration. Two acceptable forms of birth control include: 1. Condom (barrier method of contraception), AND 2. In addition to a condom, one of the following acceptable forms of contraception is required: * Established use of oral, injected or implanted hormonal methods of contraception. * Placement of an intrauterine device (IUD) or intrauterine system (IUS). * Barrier methods of contraception: Occlusive cap (diaphragm or cervical/vault caps) with spermicidal foam/gel/film/cream/suppository. * Tubal ligation for at least 6 months prior to Screening * Vasectomy or other surgical castration at least 6 months prior to Screening Exclusion Criteria: * Prior cytotoxic chemotherapy for prostate cancer * Severe concurrent disease, infection, or comorbidity that would make the subject inappropriate for enrollment * Known or suspected brain and/or skull metastasis or active epidural disease * History of another malignancy within the previous 5 years other than curatively treated non-melanomatous skin cancer * Current or prior treatment with estrogens and/or drugs with anti-androgenic properties such as spironolactone \> 50 mg/day, or progestational agents for the treatment of prostate cancer within 6 months prior to randomization * Current or prior use of ketoconazole for the treatment of prostate cancer * Use of antiandrogens within 6 weeks prior to randomization * Documented prior disease progression while receiving antiandrogens. Disease progression defined as PSA progression, radiographic progression and/or clinical deterioration. * Current or prior treatment with 5-α reductase inhibitors or anabolic steroids within 6 months prior to randomization * Prior use of systemic glucocorticoids (the equivalent of 10 mg of prednisone) within 3 months prior to randomization or expectation of their use during the study * Radiation therapy to bone lesions or prostatic bed within 4 weeks prior to randomization * Major surgery within 2 months prior to randomization * History of seizure including febrile seizure or any condition that may predispose to seizure (e.g., prior stroke, brain arteriovenous malformation, head trauma with loss of consciousness requiring hospitalization). Also, current or prior treatment with anti-epileptic medications for the treatment of seizures or history of loss of consciousness or transient ischemic attack within 12 months prior to randomization * Clinically significant cardiovascular disease including myocardial infarction within past six months or uncontrolled angina within past three months
- healthy Volunteers
- false
- minimum Age
- 18 Years
- sex
- MALE
- std Ages
- ADULT
- OLDER_ADULT
Treatment arms and interventions
- arm Groups
- description
- Participants received enzalutamide 160 mg orally once daily until confirmed radiographic disease progression, skeletal-related event or the initiation of a new antineoplastic therapy.
- intervention Names
- Drug: enzalutamide
- label
- Enzalutamide
- type
- EXPERIMENTAL
- description
- Participants received bicalutamide 50 mg orally once daily until confirmed radiographic disease progression, skeletal-related event or the initiation of a new antineoplastic therapy.
- intervention Names
- Drug: bicalutamide
- label
- Bicalutamide
- type
- ACTIVE_COMPARATOR
- interventions
- arm Group Labels
- Enzalutamide
- description
- capsules
- name
- enzalutamide
- other Names
- MDV3100
- type
- DRUG
- arm Group Labels
- Bicalutamide
- description
- tablets
- name
- bicalutamide
- other Names
- Casodex
- type
- DRUG
Study design
- allocation
- RANDOMIZED
- intervention Model
- PARALLEL
- masking Info
- masking
- QUADRUPLE
- who Masked
- PARTICIPANT
- CARE_PROVIDER
- INVESTIGATOR
- OUTCOMES_ASSESSOR
- primary Purpose
- TREATMENT
Enrollment
- count
- 375
- type
- ACTUAL
Registered outcome plans (not posted results)
- primary Outcomes
- description
- PFS is the time from randomization to the date of the first progression event detected. A progression event was defined as objective evidence of radiographic disease progression based on the assessments by the ICR, skeletal-related event, initiation of new antineoplastic therapy or death by any cause, whichever occurred first. Radiographic disease progression was defined as either a progression in soft tissue on computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1, and/or a progression in bone lesions on bone scan (≥ 2 new bone lesions) confirmed by the next bone scan. A skeletal-related event was any radiation therapy or surgery to bone, pathologic bone fracture, spinal cord compression or change in antineoplastic therapy to treat bone pain. The initiation of new antineoplastic therapy included any new therapy for the treatment of disease progression after the study drug administration started.
- measure
- Progression Free Survival (PFS) Based on Independent Central Review (ICR) Assessment
- time Frame
- From randomization until the data cut-off date of 19 October 2014, median duration of treatment was 11.6 months in the enzalutamide arm and 5.8 months in the bicalutamide arm.
- secondary Outcomes
- description
- PFS was calculated as the time from randomization to the date of the first progression event detected. A progression event was defined as objective evidence of radiographic disease progression based on the assessments by investigators, skeletal-related event, initiation of new antineoplastic therapy or death by any cause, whichever occurred first. Radiographic disease progression was defined as either a progression in soft tissue on CT/MRI scan according to RECIST 1.1, and/or a progression in bone lesions on bone scan (≥ 2 new bone lesions) confirmed by the next bone scan. A skeletal-related event was defined as radiation therapy or surgery to bone, pathologic bone fracture, spinal cord compression or change in antineoplastic therapy to treat bone pain. The initiation of new antineoplastic therapy included any new therapy for the treatment of disease progression after the study drug administration started.
- measure
- PFS Based on Investigator Assessment
- time Frame
- From randomization until the data cut-off date of 19 October 2014, median duration of treatment was 11.6 months in the enzalutamide arm and 5.8 months in the bicalutamide arm.
- description
- The PSA response by Week 13 was defined as the percentage change from Baseline to the smallest PSA value after Baseline (i.e., a decrease of 100% represents the largest possible decrease to a value below the lower limit of quantification) and on or before day 99 (i.e., upper boundary of the Week 13 visit window). For participants with no decrease in PSA post-baseline by Week 13, the PSA response by Week 13 was the smallest increase in PSA up to day 99. For participants with no post-baseline PSA values up to day 99, the PSA response by Week 13 was set to missing. PSA was analyzed at a central laboratory.
- measure
- Prostate-specific Antigen (PSA) Response by Week 13
- time Frame
- Baseline to Week 13
- description
- The best PSA response was defined as the percentage change from Baseline to the smallest PSA value after Baseline including PSA results from samples taken after the study drug was stopped. For participants with no decrease in PSA post-baseline, the best PSA response was the smallest increase in PSA. For participants with no post-baseline PSA values, the PSA response was set to missing. PSA was analyzed at a central laboratory.
- measure
- Best PSA Response
- time Frame
- Baseline to the data cutoff date of 19 October 2014, median duration of treatment was 11.6 months in the enzalutamide arm and 5.8 months in the bicalutamide arm.
- description
- Time to PSA progression was calculated as the time interval from the date of randomization to the date of first observation of PSA progression. PSA progression was defined as a ≥ 25% increase and an absolute increase of ≥ 2 ng/mL above the nadir (or above the baseline value for participants who did not have a decline in PSA post-baseline values), and confirmed by a second consecutive PSA assessment at least 3 weeks later. For participants with no documented PSA progression, the time to PSA progression was censored on the date the last PSA sample was taken.
- measure
- Time to PSA Progression
- time Frame
- From randomization until the data cutoff date of 19 October 2014, median duration of treatment was 11.6 months in the enzalutamide arm and 5.8 months in the bicalutamide arm.
- description
- Time to PSA ≤ 4 ng/mL was defined as the time interval from the date of randomization to the first date a decline in PSA to a result of 4 ng/mL or below was recorded. In participants without PSA results ≤ 4 ng/mL, the time to PSA ≤ 4 ng/mL was censored on the date of the last PSA sample taken. Participants with a PSA result ≤ 4 ng/mL at Baseline, participants with no Baseline PSA and participants with no post-baseline PSA results were censored on the date of randomization
- measure
- Time to PSA ≤ 4 ng/mL
- time Frame
- From randomization until the data cutoff date of 19 October 2014, median duration of treatment was 11.6 months in the enzalutamide arm and 5.8 months in the bicalutamide arm.
- description
- The time to ≥ 30% PSA decline from Baseline was defined as the time interval from the date of randomization to the first date a PSA decline from Baseline of at least 30% was recorded. In participants without ≥ 30% PSA decline from Baseline, the time to ≥ 30% PSA decline from Baseline was censored on the date of the last PSA sample taken. Participants who had no Baseline PSA and participants with no post-baseline PSA results were censored on the date of randomization.
- measure
- Time to ≥ 30% PSA Decline From Baseline
- time Frame
- From randomization until the data cutoff date of 19 October 2014, median duration of treatment was 11.6 months in the enzalutamide arm and 5.8 months in the bicalutamide arm.
- description
- The time to ≥ 50% PSA decline from Baseline was defined as the time interval from the date of randomization to the first date a PSA decline from Baseline of at least 50% was recorded. In participants without ≥ 50% PSA decline from Baseline, the time to ≥ 50% PSA decline from Baseline was censored on the date of the last PSA sample taken. Participants who had no Baseline PSA and participants with no post-baseline PSA results were censored on the date of randomization.
- measure
- Time to ≥ 50% PSA Decline From Baseline
- time Frame
- From randomization until the data cutoff date of 19 October 2014, median duration of treatment was 11.6 months in the enzalutamide arm and 5.8 months in the bicalutamide arm.
- description
- The time to ≥ 90% PSA decline from Baseline was defined as the time interval from the date of randomization to the first date a PSA decline from Baseline of at least 90% was recorded. In participants without ≥ 90% PSA decline from Baseline, the time to ≥ 90% PSA decline from Baseline was censored on the date of the last PSA sample taken. Participants who had no Baseline PSA and participants with no post-baseline PSA results were censored on the date of randomization.
- measure
- Time to ≥ 90% PSA Decline From Baseline
- time Frame
- From randomization until the data cutoff date of 19 October 2014, median duration of treatment was 11.6 months in the enzalutamide arm and 5.8 months in the bicalutamide arm.
- description
- Radiographic PFS was calculated as the time interval from the date of randomization to the first date of radiographic disease progression. Radiographic disease progression was defined as either a progression in soft tissue on CT/MRI scan according to RECIST 1.1, and/or a progression in bone lesions (a minimum of 2 new bone lesions as compared to previous scan) on bone scan and confirmed by the next bone scan.
- measure
- Radiographic PFS Based on ICR Assessment
- time Frame
- From randomization until the data cutoff date of 19 October 2014, median duration of treatment was 11.6 months in the enzalutamide arm and 5.8 months in the bicalutamide arm.
- description
- Response assessments were reported by ICR for target lesions in soft tissues and non-target lesions in soft tissues based on CT and/or MRI according to RECIST version 1.1. Objective response was defined as the number of participants achieving either a complete response (CR) or a partial response (PR) based on participant's best overall response assessed at the end of the treatment.
- measure
- Percentage of Participants With an Objective Response
- time Frame
- From randomization until the data cutoff date of 19 October 2014, median duration of treatment was 11.6 months in the enzalutamide arm and 5.8 months in the bicalutamide arm.
- description
- A serious adverse event was defined as any untoward medical occurrence that at any dose: ● Resulted in death ● Was life threatening ● Resulted in persistent or significant disability/incapacity ● Resulted in congenital anomaly or birth defect ● Required inpatient hospitalization or led to prolongation of hospitalization ● Other medically important events. Treatment-related indicates adverse events assessed by the Investigator as probably or possibly related to study treatment. Treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were defined as adverse events (AEs) that started or worsened after starting administration of study drug through end of the study (i.e., the treatment-emergent period).
- measure
- Percentage of Participants With Adverse Events
- time Frame
- From initiation of study drug up to 30 days after last dose of study drug or the 30-day safety follow-up visit, whichever was last (Median duration of treatment was 11.6 months in enzalutamide arm and 5.8 in bicalutamide arm, 12.6 in the total arm).
Full study description
- brief Summary
- The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of oral enzalutamide compared to bicalutamide in castrate men with metastatic prostate cancer who have progressed while on Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Hormone (LHRH) agonist/antagonist or after receiving a bilateral orchiectomy.
- detailed Description
- An open-label period was added to the main protocol. Following unblinding at the end of the double-blind period and demonstration of a statistically significant advantage of enzalutamide over bicalutamide as assessed by the primary endpoint, all ongoing enzalutamide treated participants and ongoing or previous bicalutamide treated participants that met entry criteria were offered open-label enzalutamide at the discretion of the participant and study investigators.
Source references
- references
- citation
- Schultz NM, Shore ND, Chowdhury S, Klotz LH, Concepcion RS, Penson DF, Karsh LI, Yang H, Brown BA, Barlev A, Flanders SC. Number-needed-to-treat analysis of clinical progression in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in the STRIVE and TERRAIN trials. BMC Urol. 2018 Sep 6;18(1):77. doi: 10.1186/s12894-018-0387-7.
- pmid
- 30189902
- type
- DERIVED
- citation
- Heidenreich A, Chowdhury S, Klotz L, Siemens DR, Villers A, Ivanescu C, Holmstrom S, Baron B, Wang F, Lin P, Shore ND. Impact of Enzalutamide Compared with Bicalutamide on Quality of Life in Men with Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer: Additional Analyses from the TERRAIN Randomised Clinical Trial. Eur Urol. 2017 Apr;71(4):534-542. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.07.027. Epub 2016 Aug 3.
- pmid
- 27497762
- type
- DERIVED
- citation
- Shore ND, Chowdhury S, Villers A, Klotz L, Siemens DR, Phung D, van Os S, Hasabou N, Wang F, Bhattacharya S, Heidenreich A. Efficacy and safety of enzalutamide versus bicalutamide for patients with metastatic prostate cancer (TERRAIN): a randomised, double-blind, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Feb;17(2):153-163. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00518-5. Epub 2016 Jan 14.
- pmid
- 26774508
- type
- DERIVED
Source notices and limitations
Discovery and provenance
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Preserved source evidence · Not medical advice