{"classes":[{"categories":[{"measurements":[{"groupId":"OG000","spread":"11.6362","value":"13.0208"},{"groupId":"OG001","spread":"16.6022","value":"15.1786"}]}]}],"denoms":[{"counts":[{"groupId":"OG000","value":"24"},{"groupId":"OG001","value":"28"}],"units":"Participants"}],"description":"Pain evaluated by the amount of intravenous and oral pain medicine administered in the first 24 hours post-operatively. Pain assessed using the numeric rating scale (NRS). The NRS is scored by numeric integers, 0 through 10, where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain.","dispersionType":"Standard Deviation","groups":[{"description":"If the patient is randomized to Group I, the patient will receive general anesthesia using Propofol titrated for induction. The airway will be secured thereafter. The caudal block will be performed as a bolus injection into the caudal canal in the OR by the attending anesthesiologist using 1% Ropivacaine (max 5mg/kg) + 1:400,000 Epinephrine + Decadron 10mg + Clonidine 100mcg. Patients will be continuously monitored by ASA guidelines. Anesthesia will be maintained with Sevoflurane 1.3-2.5% or Desflurane 2.5-8.5%, oxygen, air, nitrous oxide and Fentanyl as needed. At the completion of surgery, reversal of muscle relaxant with Glycopyrrolate 0.2mg IV for each 1mg IV of Neostigmine (max 5mg) will be given as indicated.","id":"OG000","title":"General Anesthesia and Caudal Nerve Block"},{"description":"Patients in Group II will receive general anesthesia using Propofol titrated for induction. The airway will be secured thereafter. Anesthesia will be maintained with Sevoflurane 1.3-2.5% or Desflurane 2.5-8.5%, oxygen, air, nitrous oxide and fentanyl as needed. At the completion of surgery, reversal of muscle relaxant with Glycopyrrolate 0.2mg IV for each 1mg IV of neostigmine (max 5mg) will be given as indicated.","id":"OG001","title":"General Anesthesia Only"}],"paramType":"MEAN","reportingStatus":"POSTED","timeFrame":"24 hours","title":"Post-Operative Pain Medication Usage in Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU)","type":"PRIMARY","unitOfMeasure":"mg"}